Back Putty : The portion of the putty remaining between the glass and the depth of the rebate after the glass has been pushed into position. Beads or Glazing Beads : A strip of wood, metal or other suitable material attached to the rebate to retain the glass. Bite : The width of silicone used to bond the fin or frame member to the edge of the glass panel.
Bedding Putty : The compound placed in the rebate of the opening into which the glass is bedded. Bent Glass : Flat glass that has been shaped while into hot cylindrical or other curved shapes. Bevelling : The process of edge finishing flat glass to a bevel angle. Block Setting Block : A small piece of wood, lead or other suitable material used between the edges of the glass generally the bottom edge only to centralize the glass in the frame frequently called a setting block.
Chair Rail : A fixed glazing bar, or rigid push bar, that provides protection from human impact. Clear Glass : Transparent glass. Corridor : It means a common passage or circulation space including a common hall. Door : A hinged, sliding or otherwise supported openable barrier providing entrance to and exit from a building, corridor or room.
Doors may be framed or unframed. Double Glazing : Glazing that incorporates two panels, separated with an air space, for the purpose of sound insulation or thermal insulation or both.
Edge Polished : Usually applied to flat glass, the edges of which have been polished after cutting. Edging : Grinding the edge of flat glass, to a desired shape or size. Exposed Edge : A glass edge that is not covered.
External Wall : An outer wall of a building not being a party wall even though adjoining a wall of another building and also means a wall abutting on an interior open space of any building. Facade : Front or face of the building. Faceted Glazing : Flat panes of glass installed vertically at an angle to each other, to form a faceted curve. Fin : A piece of glass positioned and fastened to provide lateral support. Fire resistant : It means the time during which a fire resistant material i.
The fire resistance test of structures shall be done in accordance with IS Fire Resistance Test of Structure. Fire Separation : It means the distance in metre measured from any other building on the site or from another site or from the opposite side of a street or other public space to the building.
Flat Glass : A general term covering sheet glass, float glass and various forms of rolled and plate glass.
Float Glass : A form of flat glass produced by reheating the continuous ribbon of glass whilst it floats over a bath of molten metal. Frame : A structure manufactured from timber, metal, glass or other durable material or combinations of materials such as glass fins and structural sealant, supporting the full length of a glazed panel edge.
Front Putty : The compound forming a triangular fillet between the surface of the glass and the front edge of the rebate. Fully framed glazing : Panels that have all edges framed. Glass : An inorganic, non-metallic material produced by the complete fusion of raw materials at high temperatures, into a homogeneous liquid, which is then cooled to a rigid, condition essentially without crystallization.
Glazing : The securing of glass in prepared openings in windows, door panels, partitions and the like. Guarding : Glass used to prevent people falling wherever there is a change in floor level by means of a permanent barrier. The glass can break spontaneously and without provocation due to possible impurity of Nickel Sulphide in basic glass used for tempering.
This risk of spontaneous breakage can be minimised by heat soaking process by forcing such glasses to break in the factory itself. Heat Strengthened Glass : Glass which has been heated past its softening point and chilled rapidly to increase its strength and make it thermally safe, but which breaks like annealed glass.
Heat Strengthened : Laminated Safety Glass utilizing two or more panels of heat-strengthened glass in the Laminated Safety Glass make up. High Activity Area : Where multiple human activity takes place. High Risk Area : Area prone to human injury. Insulating Glass Unit : The standard configuration for residential and commercial windows consisting of a IGU sealed unit of two panes of glass separated by a metal spacer. Internal Partition : An interior dividing wall or such portion of an interior dividing wall that is not a door, side panel, shopfront or atrium wall.
Laminated Glass : A composite material consisting of two or more sheets of glass permanently bonded together by a plastic interlayer material.
Laminated Safety Glass : Laminated glass that satisfies the requirements for a safety glazing material according to this guide. Maximum Thickness : The thickness of a panel of glass at the maximum thickness tolerance.
Minimum Thickness : The thickness of a panel of glass at the minimum thickness tolerance. Mirror : A piece of glass silvered on one side, with a protective paint coating. Nominal Thickness : A numeric designation used for reference purposes that indicates the approximate thickness of glass. Non-combustible : It means not liable to burn to add heat to a fire when tested for combustibility in accordance with the IS, Method of Test for Combustibility of Building Materials.
Non-residential Buildings : Buildings other than those defined above such as hotels, hostels, motels, shops, offices, schools, public assembly buildings, and factories and those parts of the residential buildings common to a group of dwellings such as common circulation areas in blocks of two or more flats. Pane : Single piece of glass cut to size for glazing. Panel : An assembly containing one or more panes. Parapet : It means a low wall or railing built along the edge of the roof or a floor.
Partition : It means an interior non-load bearing divider, one storey or part storey in height. Partly framed glazing : Panels that have one or more edges unframed. Patterned Glass : Rolled glass having a distinct pattern on one or both surfaces. Rebate : The part of a surround; the cross section of which forms an angle into which the edge of the glass is received.
Reflective Coated Glass : Glass with metallic or metallic oxide coating applied onto or into the glass surface to provide reduction of solar radiant energy, conductive heat energy and visible light transmission. Residential Buildings : Buildings and such portions of buildings used as separate dwelling houses and flats, but not incorporating common circulation areas in blocks of two or more flats.
Residual protection : It is the protection provided to avoid the impact of human being to glass. It is provided on the side of glass where there are chances of Human impact. It can be achieved by providing a sill structure or a grill inside. Safety organic-coated : A glazing material consisting of a piece of glass coated and permanently bonded on one or both sides with a continuous polymeric coating, sheet or film, which meets the test requirements of the safety glazing standards.
Shower doors, shower : The panels, doors or windows a enclosing or partially enclosing a shower or bath. It may or may not be in the same plane as the doorway. Sloped overhead glazing : Glazing that is inclined at less than 75 degrees to the horizontal and located, wholly or partially, directly above an area that may be used by people.
Span : The dimension between supports. For panels supported on all four edges, it corresponds to the smaller of the sight size dimensions. Spandrel : That portion of the exterior wall of a multistory commercial building that covers the area below the sill of the vision glass installation. Tempered or Toughened : When float glass panels are heated and then cooled rapidly in a controlled Glass environment. Tinted Glass : Normal float glass to which colorants are added during manufacturing process to achieve tinting and solar radiation absorption properties.
Transom : Horizontal bar of wood, aluminium or stone etc. Toughened laminated : Laminated safety glass utilizing two panels of toughened safety glass in the make up. Wardrobe doors : Doors that provide access to built in storage areas, excluding those fitted to pieces of furniture that are not built into the building. Wind Load : Load on glass because of the speed and direction of wind. Four meetings of Steering Committee, two in Delhi, and one each in Mumbai and Bangalore were organized.
Apart from the discussion of the draft in Steering Committee meetings, it was widely circulated amongst the Architects, Engineers and Professionals to solicit comments and views to ensure preparation of documents useful acceptable and adoptable to the industry. The role of Steering Committee was to: 1. Glass wool is made of fibers of glass and acts as an insulating filler. It is fire-resistant glass. Insulated glazed glass units contains a glass is separated into two or three layers by air or vacuum.
They cannot allow heat through it because of air between the layers and acts as good insulators. These are also called as double glazed units. It is manufactured by the fusion process. The fundamental properties of the glass that make it suitable for building construction applications are transparency, strength, workability, transmittance, U value, and recycling.
Float glass, shatterproof glass, laminated glass, extra-clean glass, chromatic glass, tinted glass, toughened glass, glass blocks, glass wool, and insulated glazed units. It has superior weight, thickness, UV proof, and soundproof than a regular glass.
Toughened or tempered glass is a durable glass that has low visibility. Read More: Uses of Glass in Construction. Join Join TheConstructor to ask questions, answer questions, write articles, and connect with other people. Have an account? Log in Now. Join for free or log in to continue reading Remember Me! Don't have account, Join Here. Forgot Password Lost your password? Ask A Question. Contents: Engineering Properties of Glass 1. Transparency of Glass 2. Strength of Glass 3. Workability of Glass 4.
Transmittance 5. U value of Glass 6. Float Glass 2. Shatterproof Glass 3. Laminated Glass 4. Extra Clean Glass 5. Chromatic Glass 6. Structural Use of Glass. Ted Singleton.
A short summary of this paper. Structural Use of Glass Stephen R. Ledbetter1; Andrew R. Walker2; and Alan P. Keiller3 Abstract: This paper introduces the materials, design methods, and details used to create glass structures from small unframed glazing screens to the largest glass walls and roofs. It includes information on the use of glass in floors, staircases, and bridges. The purpose of this paper is to give a state-of-the-art overview of current technology and to look at ideas being developed in the laboratory.
Glass is an unforgiving material and the paper explains the measures taken to reduce risk of failure. DOI: Introduction used structurally to create exciting buildings. It has the failing that it is a brittle material but engineers are learning to design within Glass has been known as a material for millennia and has been the necessary safety parameters.
A further limitation to the use of used in buildings for centuries; yet only recently has it been used glass has been the ability to make structural connections. How- as a structural material rather than a transparent infill within a ever, many proven solutions are now available. Structural teristics as similar aluminum constructions. There are few struc- When building with glass it is always necessary to assume that tural codes for the use of glass and these deal with stresses in failure of a sheet of glass may occur and postfailure behavior edge supported glass comprising no more than two layers of glass governs the use of glass as a structural material.
They do not cover point-supported glass or the The problems of brittleness of glass components may be over- detailing of glass connections. Building Regulations, refer to interlayer; the safe use of glass. E-mail: cwct bath. Discussion open until February 1, Separate discussions must be submitted for individual papers. The manuscript for this paper was submitted for review and pos- Annealed or float glass is glass that has been cooled gradually sible publication on May 6, ; approved on April 1, This paper from a high temperature during manufacture to minimize residual is part of the Journal of Architectural Engineering, Vol.
It is September 1, Toughened glass broken while subject to in-plane stress field Thermal coefficient 8. The failure stress varies as greatly cant potential to break when subjected to loads that have not been as for annealed glass. However, this variability is of less impor- designed for or when installed incorrectly.
The sharp edges may plus the induced surface stress. The failure ing injuries. The glass may not be able the level of residual surface stress. ASTM C It is for these reasons that monolithic annealed glass is not used as defines heat-strengthened glass in relation to the level of a highly stressed structural glass.
Sedlacek et al. As with heat-strengthened glass the surface prestress has to be The characteristic bending strength for flat annealed glass is overcome before a bending failure can occur. These In the event of breakage, toughened glass generally breaks into glasses commonly include heat-strengthened glass, toughened small, relatively blunt, glass fragments called dice. However, they may form blunt-edged clumps. These are less likely to cause piercing injuries than shards of annealed or heat-strengthened glass but may still cause injury.
In this process, a permanent compressive stresses are present. In this case the fracture pattern showed the surface stress and a permanent tensile internal stress are induced underlying pattern of the applied stresses with cracks following in the glass. The compressive surface stresses give the glass a the lines of principal stress. The postfailure characteristics of monolithic toughened glass The surface prestress has to be overcome before a bending are dominated by the lack of residual strength on breakage.
This failure can occur. These characteristics may require measures to be taken to reduce the risk of injuries on failure. ASTM C defines fully tempered glass in relation to the level of re- sidual stress induced in the surface or edge of the glass during manufacture. Laminated Glass Laminated glass is an assembly consisting of glass sheets joined together with one or more plastic or resin interlayers.
The glass assembly can have performance advantages over monolithic glass, which may make it the most appropriate choice for some applications. The strength, breakage characteristics, and postfail- ure behavior of laminated glass are dependent upon the glass types, glass thicknesses, and interlayer types and thicknesses used in construction.
Thin flexible sheet materials used as interlayers are commonly known as foils. The use of annealed or heat-strengthened glass for at withstand such high loads and many more combinations of glass least one ply will normally ensure that some strength is retained and interlayer types may be used to achieve other attributes such on failure. An ionoplast is a clear, may creep or deform at elevated temperatures over time if rela- tough ionically cross-linked ethylene copolymer.
Unlike PVB, tively high temperatures are likely to be encountered during nor- ionoplast interlayers are supplied in rigid sheet form. Laminated mal building use. In such circumstances the laminate may sag and glass is produced by applying light pressure and moderate tem- come out of its frame or fixing. A number of interlayer types are perature to a sandwich of glass and interlayers. Some cast-in-place polymethylmethacrylate There are examples of laminates using plies other than glass, and polyester interlayers will provide a degree of post failure in particular the laminating of marble to glass.
This is done to strength. Postfailure behavior depends on the glasses forming the give translucency, and for appearance, rather than strength. With a plies and the possible need to invoke membrane action. For shorter load periods, carbonate and polymethylmethacrylate, to give spalling resistance the interlayer provides more effective shear transfer.
Behr et al. In addition, any sealants that could come into contact with that remain adhered to the interlayer and minimizes the risk of the laminate edge should be compatible to prevent delamination.
This pre- Small areas of delamination will not normally effect strength. The postfailure behavior of laminated glass is of importance. Design Stresses and Glass Selection In the unlikely circumstance of all the glass sheets breaking this may lead to the laminated glass falling from its frame or fixings The failure stress of glass depends on the loading rate. This is as a single object and causing serious injury. An intermediate wind load. A silicone sealant is applied One glass manufacturer gives the following working stresses to the joint to protect the interlayer.
This approach can achieve a for use with factored loads: given degree of curvature with pieces of glass of twice the size. Cold bending is achieved by bending the glass at site to fit a Load duration Permanent Medium Gusts curved or warped frame. For annealed glass load factors for different load durations When cold warping glass, for instance to give a progressively from three seconds to greater than one year are given in ASTM E sloped-back wall, the glass undergoes double curvature.
If the , Appendix X6. It is possible to cold-bend lami- surface and edge damage. In the latter case it rejected during the construction phase. Edge damage is more is claimed that the seals of the glazing units are unimpaired but it common and is more likely to remain undetected.
This involves tempering processes. However, it is difficult to control the exact glass. Allowable tolerances on glass thickness for flat float glass shape of the finished glass and the residual induced surface are given in EN as shown in Table 2. Greater tolerances are stresses in the heat-treated glass. Glass molding involves heating the glass and allowing it to When using glass with bolted connections it is normal to use settle over or into a ceramic mold.
The ability to computer-cut heat-treated glasses to give the required local strength around the molds has made this a viable solution. It is now possible to go bolt. Holes are drilled prior to heat-treating the glass and these direct from computer to ceramic mold rather than producing an will cause different residual stresses at holes, corners and other intermediate form from which the ceramic mold is made discontinuities in the surface.
Postfailure Sag bending and molding are unable to produce glass of the behavior is also important and several designers prefer to design same high visual quality as flat float glass but will often produce with heat-strengthened laminated glass as the breakage pattern of glass of acceptable quality.
The strength of heat-treated glasses is totally dependent on the Alternatively, a poured resin interlayer may be used if necessary residual induced surface stress which may be measured. Some to accommodate the varying gap thickness between the plies.
The edge stress meter is seldom used on site as it support and retain the glass. With the development of roof glazing can only be used if the edge of the glass can be accessed. Such glazing systems have used either a wet-applied bedding Glass Forming compound or a flexible gasket to support the glass and prevent point contact between the glass and frame, as neither is perfectly Traditionally glass has been used as flat glass or has been bent straight.
This fundamental aspect of glass support continues with with a single degree of curvature. The automotive industry has the most advanced glass structures. Typical bolted connections for glass Fig. Bolted connection with nylon interface wind load and the self-weight. When bolting through an IGU it is essential that the inner and outer panes are not drawn together and structural sealant glazing systems when they were first intro- distorted and that the IGU remains hermetically sealed.
Typical duced. However, the glass behaves no differently than when in- details of bolted connections are shown in Fig. These will work with glass provided there is sufficient the wind load and self-weight of the glass.
Glass structures contain glass elements that thickness of glass required and the load carrying capacity, it transfer loads other than those imposed directly on to the element. In this case, the glass Frictional Connections carries only the load imposed directly on to it, i. A further use of glass that concerns structural engi- Friction plates may be used to connect metal brackets to a piece neers is the construction of glass floors and stair treads. They are also used to connect glass sheets edge on by using patch plates that cover both pieces of glass.
Metal plates are placed either side of the glass and clamped together to generate a normal force and a corresponding frictional Glass Connections load capacity in the plane of the glass. A suitable interface is required between the glass and the plates. Bearing Connections While frictional connections work well with monolithic glass, The brittle nature of the glass makes it imperative that the load there is an inherent problem with their use on laminated glass.
Countersunk bolts may be used with a ductile stresses induced by the clamping forces in the bolts.
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